Abstract: As the direct decision-maker in the agricultural production process, the farmers’ environmental literacy and fertilization behavior are directly related to the sustainable development of agricultural ecological environment. Taking chickpea farmers of Muli County as an example, 444 questionnaires were obtained for empirical analysis. The farmers’ environmental literacy was measured by the AHP-entropy method and the comprehensive weight method. The path relationship among the farmers’ environmental literacy, fertilizer reduction behavior and willingness was explored by the structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that: (1) The environmental literacy of farmers in Mulei County was above the middle level, and the influence of each dimension on environmental literacy was as follows: environmental emotion (0.313)＞environmental value (0.286)＞ environmental skill (0.203)＞environmental awareness (0.198). (2) At the significance level of 95%, the four dimensions of environmental literacy have significant positive effects on the willingness and behavior of fertilizer reduction. (3) The fertilizer reduction willingness plays a partial mediating role among environmental literacy, various dimensions and reduction behavior, confirming the functional path of “environmental literacy → fertilizer reduction willingness → fertilizer reduction behavior”. The government should integrate propaganda, training and incentive policies. Enterprises should innovate green agricultural materials and provide technical guidance for fertilizer reduction, and farmers should strengthen their own ecological awareness.