Abstract: To elucidate the population structure characteristics, seed trait variation patterns and survival stress factors of Magnolia biondii in and around the Jinzhai County Provincial Forest and Grass Germplasm Resource Bank, the study took the bank of Liqiao Village, Tiechong Township as the core research object. Methods such as field investigation,, quadrat estimation, and seed phenotypic determination were adopted to systematically explore the population structure characteristics and seed phenotypic trait variation rules of Magnolia biondii, and analyze the existing problems of the population and their causes. The results showed that the diameter class structure of the population within the resource bank presented an inverted pyramid shape, the seed phenotypic variation of Magnolia biondii was abundant, and the germplasm in the germplasm resource bank showed the best comprehensive performance. Based on these conclusions, a systematic protection and breeding strategy was proposed, which can provide a technical basis for the sustainable management and utilization of the Magnolia biondii germplasm resource bank.