Abstract: Based on survey data from 131 rural households in 10 villages of Hunan Province, this study analyzes the characteristics of cultivated land “non-grain production” from a micro-scale perspective, and uses bivariate correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models to analyze the key influencing factors. The results show that:（1） Significant inter-village disparities in non-grain rates（1.60%～95.20%） were observed, primarily driven by large-scale cash crop cultivation and tourism development. However, some villages achieved synergy between economic growth and grain production through location-specific approaches leveraging terrain and geographical advantages.（2） The overall non-grain rate was 19.69% across the sample, but this surged to 47.17% after excluding 8 large-scale households, highlighting the stabilizing role of large-scale growers in grain production.（3） The proportion of agricultural income, the scale of cultivated land, agricultural insurance, and the area of cultivated land transfer were important factors influencing the non-grain use of cultivated land, and they showed heterogeneity in scale. There was a significant positive correlation between farm income share and non-grain rates for smallholders（0～0.67 hm²）. Age and land-inflow area showed significant negative correlations with non-grain rates for medium-scale farmers（0.67～3.50 hm²）, and large-scale growers（≥3.50 hm²） significantly reduced their non-grain tendency through participation in agricultural training. Policy recommendations are put forward such as implementing differentiated cultivated land use regulations based on terrain（plains/hills）, with mandatory grain-planting ratios and increased subsidies in plain areas, imposing strict constraints on cultivated land occupation and cash crop expansion in tourism-oriented and enterprise-driven villages, and prioritizing support for large-scale grain growers, enhancing agricultural training and insurance programs, and securing grain production income for smallholders.