Abstract: Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2013 to 2023, this study conducts an empirical analysis using a two-way fixed effects model. The results show that new infrastructure construction has a significant positive impact on agricultural economic resilience, and this conclusion remains valid after robustness tests, endogeneity treatment, and various model specifications. Mechanism tests indicate that new infrastructure indirectly enhances agricultural economic resilience through two pathways:promoting the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure and advancing agricultural technological innovation. There is a non-linear threshold effect in the impact of new infrastructure on agricultural economic resilience. The results of the panel threshold model reveal that the promoting effect of new infrastructure on agricultural economic resilience presents a non-linear characteristic of marginal increase. With the improvement of new infrastructure level, its enabling effect gradually strengthens. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the promotion effect on agricultural economic resilience is more significant in eastern regions and areas with a high level of factor market development, while the effect is relatively weaker in western regions and areas with a low level of marketization. Accordingly, it is necessary to accelerate the advancement of new infrastructure with a focus on tilting towards the agricultural sector, promote the optimization of agricultural industrial structure and the integrated innovation of technology, implement differentiated regional policies to make up for the digital gaps in central and western regions as well as rural areas, and strengthen policy coordination and the construction of long-term mechanisms.