Abstract: Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2014 to 2023, the two-way fixed effect model, the mediation effect model and the threshold effect model were used to empirically test the impact of the digital economy on the labor productivity of agriculture. The results show that:(1) The digital economy significantly promotes the labor productivity of agriculture, and the improvement effect is better in the main grain-producing areas and the main grain-consuming areas.(2) The digital economy provides impetus for technological innovation and the transfer of agricultural land, which significantly promotes the labor productivity of agriculture.(3) There is a single threshold effect of the urbanization rate on the impact of the digital economy on the labor productivity of agriculture. When the urbanization rate reaches the threshold value, the promoting effect on the labor productivity of agriculture begins to show. Based on this, it is proposed that measures such as accelerating the development of the digital economy, promoting technological innovation and the transfer of agricultural land should be taken to fully release the promoting effect of the digital economy on the labor productivity of agriculture.