Abstract: Under the framework of the “second round of land contract extension” policy, this study takes farmers’ perception of future land policies as the core dimension of property rights security awareness to explore its impact on the adoption behavior of saline-alkali cultivated land improvement technologies and the moderating role of policy incentives by descriptive statistical analysis, binary Logit model and ordered Logit model. The results show that: (1) Property rights security awareness significantly and positively affects both the adoption behavior and intensity of saline-alkali cultivated land improvement technology, with farmers supporting the “second round of land contract extension” policy exhibiting higher adoption probability and intensity. (2) Policy incentives play a significant moderating role, with policy promotion, economic subsidies, and agricultural technology training enhancing the positive effect of property rights security awareness, among which agricultural technology training has the most pronounced moderating effect on adoption intensity. (3) The impact of property rights security awareness varies across farmer characteristics, showing stronger effects on large-scale operators, farmers with higher education levels, and older generations, who are more responsive to future policy perceptions and policy incentives. In conclusion, to stimulate farmers’ enthusiasm for adopting saline-alkali cultivated land improvement technology, efforts should be intensified to promote and implement the“ second round of land contract extension” policy to enhance property rights security awareness. Policy incentives should be integrated to lower adoption barriers, differentiated support schemes for high-response groups should particularly be designed to promote the sustainable transformation of saline-alkali land governance.