Abstract: To explore the characteristics of soil microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of tea plants under the “Phyllostachys edulis forest + tea tree” three-dimensional ecological model, this study used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure of three treatments including original bamboo forest density + tea tree (HLL), 60% bamboo forest density + tea tree + no fertilization (NS), and 60% bamboo forest density + tea tree + fertilization (S). The results showed that: (1) The number of OTUs in the rhizosphere soil microbial community of the HLL group was higher than that of the other two treatments. There was no significant difference in the overall abundance and diversity of microbial communities among the three groups of soil samples. (2) The dominant bacterial phyla in all three groups of soil samples were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, while the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.β-diversity and LEfSe analyses indicated that there were significant differences in the soil bacterial and fungal community structures among the three groups. (3) The bacterial indicator taxa causing differences were mainly Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, while the fungal indicator taxa were mainly Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.