Abstract: Forty germplasm resources of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua were used as materials. Eleven morphological traits and four quality traits were measured. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and principal component analysis（PCA） were employed to analyze the relationship between key morphological traits and yield and quality traits in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, and elucidate its resource allocation strategy. The results showed that morphological traits exhibited substantial variation, with total leaf area showing the highest coefficient of variation（CV=68.246%）. There was a highly significant positive correlation between total leaf area and rhizome weight. The regression equation Y=160.877+0.258X（R²=0.627） was established, identifying>350 cm² as the threshold for high-yield screening. Rhizome node number was significantly positively correlated with polysaccharide content. The regression model Y=6.986+0.195X（R²=0.307） indicated that≥9 nodes can be used as the morphological threshold for high polysaccharide content（9.32%）. PCA extracted five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1, collectively explaining 80.572% of the total variance, and revealed resource allocation axes such as “biomass expansion-polysaccharide inhibition” and “secondary metabolism-resource allocation trade-off”, uncovering the inherent tradeoffs between biomass and quality traits. In conclusion, total leaf area and rhizome node number were key morphological markers for breeding high-yield and high-quality P. cyrtonema Hua. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical basis for formulating a multi-trait synergistic breeding strategy.