Abstract: This paper systematically summarized the composition and fundamental physicochemical properties of geomaterials, reviewed the principal mechanisms and influencing factors of microbial weathering (including mechanical wedging by hyphal growth on geomaterial surfaces, secretion of organic acids/extracellular polymeric substances, and redox reactions), examined current applications and prospects in soil improvement, contaminant remediation, and cultural heritage conservation, and pointed out the challenges existing in the current research, in order to provide support for the theoretical and practical application of functional microorganisms in mineral weathering.