Abstract: Based on the characteristics of land use transformation in Urumqi from 1980 to 2023, The article measured the habitat quality index, analyzed its spatial and temporal evolution patterns, measured the contribution rate and proportion of land use transformation to habitat quality, and specified the important driving factors affecting habitat quality in Urumqi. The results show that: (1) from 1980 to 2023, the land use type in Urumqi City was dominated by grassland, which accounted for about 52.17% to 57.39% of the total area, The land use transition was significant, and the overall trend was a decrease in high habitat land and an increase in low habitat land. (2) From 1980 to 2023, the habitat quality index of Urumqi City decreased from 0.50724 to 0.42508, and the overall habitat quality index was below 0.5 and showed a trend of continuous degradation. (3) The conversion of ecological land such as grassland and forest land to unutilized land, construction land and other living land is the main reason for the decrease of habitat quality. (4) The q-value of the influence of the degree of land use is above 0.8, which is the most important factor affecting the habitat quality index, and the influence of a single factor on the habitat quality is lower than the combination of any two factors. The results of the study reveal spatial coupling mechanism and evolution law of land use transformation and habitat quality in ecologically fragile areas, deepen the theoretical understanding of the coordination of human-land systems, and provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of territorial space and the high-quality development of human settlements in Urumqi.