Abstract: Roots are key organs for absorbing water and nutrients, and their morphology and physiological characteristics affect the growth and yield of rice. During the growth process, Root is the primary location exposed to abiotic stress from the environment. This article mainly summarized the effects of abiotic stress types such as salinity-alkalinity, water, temperature, and heavy metals on the root morphological structure, physiological function and yield of rice. Combined with the application of cultivation techniques and resistance genes, the cultivation methods for coping with stress conditions and the progress of breeding resistant varieties were summarized, which can provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for enhancing the stress resistance of rice. In future research, further efforts will be made to explore how breeding and cultivation techniques can be used to cope with rice adverse stress and enhance root resistance.