Abstract: Continuously narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas is an important factor in achieving high-quality economic development in China. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China, super-efficiency SBM model and fixed effects model were used to empirically measure the impact and mechanism of agricultural ecological efficiency on urban-rural income gap from 2000 to 2022. The empirical results show that the improvement of agricultural ecological efficiency has a significant positive effect on narrowing the urban-rural income gap. The heterogeneity results show that the improvement of agricultural ecological efficiency in the eastern and central regions has a higher effect on narrowing the urban-rural income gap than in the western region, with significant regional heterogeneity.