Abstract: Two planting modes, common planting mode (CK) and “Stropharia rugosannulata-Soybean-Clanis bilineata” breeding cycle mode (JZ), were employed as research subjects. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine and analyze the soil physical and chemical properties, bacterial community structure, and diversity under different planting methods. The impact of the cultivation cycle model of “Stropharia rugosannulata-Soybean-Clanis bilineata” on the diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities was explored. The results showed that the cultivation cycle of “Stropharia rugosannulata-Soybean-Clanis bilineata” significantly increased organic matter content, nitrate nitrogen levels, and available phosphorus, while significantly decreased electrical conductivity (EC), available potassium, and salinity. The predominant bacterial groups identified in the soil included Actinomycetes, Proteobacteria, Blastomonas, Acidobacteria and Chloromycetes. Under the cultivation cycle, there was a decrease in the proportion of Actinomycetes, Chloromycetes, and Archaea in the soil, while proportions of Proteobacteria, Blastomonas, and Acidobacteria increased. Alpha diversity analysis showed that Chao1 index values ACE number, shannon index and Simpson index were significantly higher in CK than those of JZ group samples, indicating a reduction in overall soil bacterial diversity post-breeding cycle mode. The rotation pattern of “Stropharia rugosannulata-Soybean-Clanis bilineata” increased organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the soil but decreased both abundance and diversity in the overall soil bacterial community. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinomycetes may mitigate disease occurrence. The study results can provide foundational data for maintaining a healthy soil micro-ecological environment and facilitating regional agricultural structural adjustments.