Abstract: Twenty representative dryland farmland soils from different regions of China were selected in this study. Arabidopsis thaliana was used as the indicator crop, and cultivated on the agar-solidified substrate of sterile soil extract to quantify its chemical fertility of soils, and its biological fertility was determined by inoculation of soil microbial community. The results showed that There were significant differences in soil biological fertility and chemical fertility in different regions. Regression analysis showed that biological fertility increased with the increase of annual average temperature, but decreased with the increase of latitude and soil pH value. Biological and chemical fertility were closely related to soil total organic carbon and mineral-associated soil carbon, but weakly related to soil total nitrogen and particulate organic carbon. The decrease in biological fertility with the increase of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen suggested that the uncertainty of soil microbial biomass in predicting biological fertility. Soil biological fertility is significantly affected by site conditions and soil carbon and nitrogen components throughout the country.